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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Black powder in gas pipelines ： ウィキペディア英語版 Black powder in gas pipelines Black powder is a solid contaminant in finished product pipelines. The material may be wet and have a tar-like appearance, or dry and be a very fine powder, sometimes like smoke. Black powder can cause a range of problems, including product contamination, equipment contamination, erosion wear in compressors, instrument and filter clogging, erosion and sealing problems for valves, and flow reduction. ==Sources== The source of black powder is far from clear, with several possibilities existing: * Mill scale (iron(II,III) oxide - Fe3O4) resulting from the pipe manufacturing process through high temperature oxidation of steel. These types of solids are very persistent, strongly adhere to the pipe wall, and are not easily removed; * Flash rust (Fe2O33, FeOOH) from hydrotest water corrosion; * Internal pipelines corrosion (microbially-induced corrosion, (MIC), or H2S reaction with steel); * Carryover from gas gathering systems. Black powder may be mechanically mixed or chemically combined with any number of contaminants such as water, liquid hydrocarbons, salts, chlorides, sand, or dirt. Chemical analyses of the material have revealed that it consists mainly of a mixture of iron oxides and iron sulfides. Sour gas pipelines are always treated with corrosion inhibitors, while sweet gas pipelines are not. In both cases there is a chance of black powder forming at different rates. The treatment frequency in sour gas lines is determined for normal operation, but there is always a chance of plant upsets that might introduce water to the pipelines, initiating the formation of black powder. Another source of solids formation in sour gas lines is the mechanical mixing of a number of contaminants such as water, liquid hydrocarbons, salts, chlorides, sand, or dirt. If the pipelines are well supplied with corrosion inhibitors, then the quantity of solids is not significant. Nevertheless, in sweet gas pipelines, which are not so treated, any water condensation or any plant upset that could introduce water to the line will certainly lead to the formation of black powder. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black powder in gas pipelines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.